Patient Question
"What causes fluid to accumulate in the brain, and how do we know if our child or elderly relative needs to see a specialist?"
What You Should Know
The brain and spinal cord are cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which continuously circulates through interconnected cavities called ventricles. In a healthy state, CSF is produced and absorbed into the bloodstream at an equal rate. Hydrocephalus occurs when this natural circulation or absorption is disrupted, causing excess fluid to build up and exert pressure on surrounding neural tissue. In infants, it is often congenital or arises after premature birth or infection. In older adults, it can present as Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH), where fluid accumulates gradually over time.
When Should You Seek Medical Attention?
Warning Signs & Clinical Indicators
- Infants: Unusually rapid increase in head circumference, a tense or bulging soft spot (fontanel), prominent scalp veins, or downward deviation of the eyes ("sunset eyes").
- Children & Young Adults: Persistent morning headaches with nausea or vomiting, double vision, unexplained balance difficulty, or sudden lethargy.
- Older Adults: The classic triad of progressive walking difficulty (shuffling or "magnetic" gait), gradual cognitive slowing or memory loss, and urinary urgency or incontinence.
What Happens Next?
Your consultation with Dr. Sylvia Shitsama begins with a comprehensive neurological examination and a careful review of cranial imaging (ultrasound for infants, or MRI/CT for adults). If intervention is indicated, surgical options include a Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt—a thin, flexible tube that diverts excess fluid to the abdomen—or Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV), a minimally invasive procedure that creates a natural bypass without implanting permanent hardware when patient anatomy allows.
Key Takeaway
Hydrocephalus is a treatable condition. Timely neurosurgical evaluation preserves cognitive and developmental function, and modern microsurgical techniques offer safe, long-term management.
Have Questions About Your Symptoms?
Consult with Dr. Sylvia Shitsama at Sage Brain & Spine Clinic, KNH Doctors Plaza, 4th Floor Suite 43, Hospital Road, Nairobi (Adjacent to National Bank).
